GeneCards是个什么网站
人体基因组基因数据库基因搜索 貌似,很NB的一个站,是【魏茨曼科学研究所】弄的
《网络对人们的影响》写一篇英语作文,拜托了 本人英语文盲。。。
Causes and symptoms Causes No one knows what causes a person to be addicted to the Internet, but there are several factors that have been proposed as contributing to Internet addiction. One theory concerns the mood-altering potential of behaviors related to process addictions. Just as a person addicted to shopping may feel a "rush" or pleasurable change in mood from the series of actions related to a spending spree— checking one"s credit cards, driving to the mall, going into one"s favorite store, etc.— the person with an Internet addiction may feel a similar "rush" from booting up their computer and going to their favorite web sites. In other words, some researchers think that there are chemical changes that occur in the body when someone is engaging in an addictive behavior. Furthermore, from a biological standpoint, there may be a combination of genes that make a person more susceptible to addictive behaviors, just as researchers have located genes that affect a person"s susceptibility to alcohol. In addition to having features of a process addiction, Internet use might be reinforced by pleasurable thoughts and feelings that occur while the person is using the Internet. Although researchers in the field of addiction studies question the concept of an "addictive personality" as such, it is possible that someone who has one addiction may be prone to become addicted to other substances or activities, including Internet use. People with such other mental disorders or symptoms as depression, feelings of isolation, stress, or anxiety, may "self-medicate" by using the Internet in the same way that some people use alcohol or drugs of abuse to self-medicate the symptoms of their mental disorder. From a social or interpersonal standpoint, there may be familial factors prompting use of the Internet. For People who develop problems with their Internet use may start off using the Internet on a casual basis and then progress to using the technology in dysfunctional ways. Use of the Internet may interfere with the person"s social life, school work, or job-related tasks at work. Many of the treatments that have been used for Internet addiction have been modeled after other addiction treatment programs and support groups. (Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images. Reproduced by permission.)example, a person might "surf the Web" to escape family conflict. Another possibility is that social or peer dynamics might prompt excessive Internet use. Some affected persons may lack the social skills that would enable them to meet people in person rather than online. Peer behavior might also encourage Internet use if one"s friends are using it. Modeling may play a role—users can witness and experience how others engage in Internet use and then replicate that behavior. The interactive aspects of the Internet, such as chat rooms, e-mail, and interactive games like Multi-User Dungeons and Dragons (MUDS), seem to be more likely to lead to Internet addiction than purely solitary web surfing. One question that has not yet been answered concerning Internet addiction is whether it is a distinctive type of addiction or simply an instance of a new technology being used to support other addictions. For example, there are gambling casinos on the Internet that could reinforce a person"s pre-existing gambling addiction. Similarly, someone addicted to shopping could transfer their addiction from the local mall to online stores. Persons addicted to certain forms of sexual behavior can visit pornography sites on the Internet or use chat rooms as a way to meet others who might be willing to participate in those forms of behavior. Researchers may need to determine whether there is such a disorder as "pure" Internet addiction. Symptoms One symptom of Internet addiction is excessive time devoted to Internet use. A person might have difficulty cutting down on his or her online time even when they are threatened with poor grades or loss of a job. There have been cases reported of college students failing courses because they would not take time off from Internet use to attend classes. Other symptoms of addiction may include lack of sleep, fatigue, declining grades or poor job performance, apathy, and racing thoughts. There may also be a decreased investment in social relationships and activities. A person may lie about how much time was spent online or deny that they have a problem. They may be irritable when offline, or angry toward anyone who questions their time on the Internet. Demographics In the past, people reported to have an Internet addiction disorder were stereotyped as young, introverted, socially awkward, computer-oriented males. While this stereotype may have been true in the past, the availability of computers and the increased ease of access to the Internet are quickly challenging this notion. As a result, problematic Internet use can be found in any age group, social class, racial or ethnic group, level of education and income, and gender. Diagnosis As previously noted, Internet addiction disorder has not yet been added as an official diagnosis to the DSM. The following, however, is a set of criteria for Internet addiction that has been proposed by addiction researchers. The criteria are based on the diagnostic standards for pathological gambling. The patient must meet all of the following criteria: He or she is preoccupied with the Internet (thinks about previous online activity or is anticipating the next online session). He or she needs to spend longer and longer periods of time online in order to feel satisfied. He or she has made unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop Internet use. He or she is restless, moody, depressed, or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use. He or she repeatedly stays online longer than he or she originally intended. The person must meet at least one of the following criteria: He or she has jeopardized or risked the loss of a significant relationship, job, educational or career opportunity because of Internet use. He or she has lied to family members, a therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with the Internet. He or she uses the Internet as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving an unpleasant mood (such as feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, or depression). Treatments Since Internet addiction disorder is a relatively new phenomenon, there is little research on the effectiveness of treatment procedures. Some professionals advocate abstinence from the Internet. Others argue that it may be unrealistic to have a person completely end all Internet use. As society becomes more and more dependent on computers for business transactions, educational programs, entertainment, and access to information as well as interpersonal communication, it will be difficult for a computer-literate person to avoid using the Internet. Learning how to use the Internet in moderation is often the main objective in therapy, in a way analogous to the way that people with eating disorders need to come to terms with food. Many of the procedures that have been used to treat Internet addiction have been modeled after other addiction treatment programs and support groups. If a person"s Internet addiction disorder has a biological dimension, then such medication as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety drug may help them with these aspects of the addiction. Psychological interventions may include such approaches as changing the environment to alter associations that have been made with Internet use, or decrease the reinforcement received from excessive Internet use. Psychological interventions may also help the person identify thoughts and feelings that trigger their use of the Internet. Interpersonal interventions may include such approaches as social skills training or coaching in communication skills. Family and couple therapy may be indicated if the user is turning to the Internet to escape from problems in these areas of life. Relapsing into an addictive behavior is common for anyone dealing with addiction disorders. Recognizing and preparing for relapse is often a part of the treatment process. Identifying situations that would trigger excessive Internet use and generating ways to deal with these situations can greatly reduce the possibility of total relapse. Prognosis Although extensive studies have not yet been done, treatment appears to be effective in maintaining and changing the behavior of people drawn to excessive use of the Internet. If the disorder is left untreated, the person may experience an increased amount of conflict in his or her relationships. Excessive Internet use may jeopardize a person"s employment or academic standing. In addition, such physical problems may develop as fatigue, carpal tunnel syndrome, back pain, and eyestrain. Prevention If a person knows that he or she has difficulty with other forms of addictive behavior, they should be cautious in exploring the types of application that are used on the Internet. In addition, it is important for people to engage in social activities outside the Internet. Finally, mental health workers should investigate ways in which to participate in the implementation of new technology rather than waiting for its aftereffects. 如果你要短一些的,只要看其中的Treatment 和prevention就行了寻高中英语【七选五】【10篇】
1 第二节 (共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分) 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。(答案写在后面答题纸上)。 _51_ One of the best things you can possibly do is to start you own club. It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays. The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. _52_ Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless. Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. 53_ All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you. _54 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages. At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret! Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards. These are very important and again you can speed a lot of time making them.55 Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it. So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do! A. That’s easy. B. Enjoy your own club! C. Invite a designer to join you. D. What are you interest in? E. Some vacation is just around the corner. F. Then you need to pick a name for your club. G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design. 答案:edafg 2 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多于选项。 (请把答案填在答案卷的横线上) Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it. They warn that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer. ___71___ Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, and scream and yell. But other people keep their anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called repressing anger. For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person’s health than expressing it. They said that when a person is angry, the brain releases the same hormones (荷尔蒙). They speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etc. ___72___ Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger violently may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure. ___73___ They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about. If it is, they say, “___74___ Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.” Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry. ___75___ A. In general the person feels excited and ready to act. B. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger. C. Expressing anger violently is more harmful than repressing it. D. Anger may cause you a cancer. E. Do not express your anger while angry. F. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. G. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. 答案:fageb 3 第二节:(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)请将答案写在第Ⅱ卷的指定位置。 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The Internet has opened up a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we’ve never been before. But just as in face to face communication, there are some rules of behavior that should be followed when on line. 71 Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes. For anything you’re about to send: ask yourself, “Would I say this to the person’s face?” if the answer is no, rewrite and reread. 72 If someone in the chat room is rude to you, your instinct (本能) is to fire back in the same manner. But try not to do so. 73 If it was caused by a disagreement with another member, try to fix the situation by politely discussing it. Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room. 74 Offer advice when asked by newcomers, as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate. When someone makes a mistake, whether it’s a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer, be kind about it. If it’s a small mistake, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice before saying anything. Having good manners yourself doesn’t give you license to correct everyone else. 75 At the same time, if you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended. It is not polite to ask others personal questions such as their age, sex and marital status. Unless you know the person very well, and you are both comfortable with sharing personal information, don’t ask such questions. A. It’s natural that there some people who speak rudely or make mistakes online. B. Repeat the process till you feel sure that you’d feel comfortable saying the words to the person’s face. C. Everyone was new to the network once. D. The basic rule is simple: treat others in the same way you would want to be treated. E. When you send short messages to a person online, you must say something beautiful to hear. F. You should either ignore the person, or use your chat software to block their messages. G. If you do decide to tell someone about a mistake, point it out politely. 答案:dbfcg 4 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 71 ___When a person does a certain thing again, he is impelled(迫使) by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly; thus a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. _72__Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits, and sometimes become ruined by them. 73 ____Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and thoroughness. Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. 74___ Unfortunately older persons often form habits which ought to have been avoided. 75____ A. There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. B. Whether good or not habit are, they are easy to get rid of. C. We ought to keep from all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will prove good for ourselves and others. D. Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. E. It is very important for us to know why we should get used to good habits. F. These are all easily formed habits. G. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. 答案dgafc 稍等,继续给你找,未完待续! 5 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。(答案写在后面答题纸上)。 _51_ One of the best things you can possibly do is to start you own club. It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays. The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. _52_ Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless. Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. 53_ All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you. _54 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages. At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret! Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards. These are very important and again you can speed a lot of time making them.55 Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it. So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do! A. That’s easy. B. Enjoy your own club! C. Invite a designer to join you. D. What are you interest in? E. Some vacation is just around the corner. F. Then you need to pick a name for your club. G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design. 答案:edafg 6 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Ancient Rome was one of the world’s most powerful empires more than 2,000 years ago. The Romans’ ideas about roads, laws, government and buildings still influence us today. Italy is shaped like a boot. The Colosseum in Rome was built during the time of the Roman Empire, in the first century A.D.__71___It is a popular tourist attraction today. Italy is well-known for its designers, who create cars, handbags, clothes, shoes and other items that are in demand for their style and fine workmanship. Today, the economy of Italy is stronger than in the past. 72 Today, manufacturing and tourism are the main sources of income. There are some big companies, but Italy has many smaller companies, too. 73 The southern part does not offer as many manufacturing jobs, so it is not as prosperous. Italy is a member of the European Union, a group of countries that join together for better trade. The currency, or money, they use is called the “euro”. Food and eating good meals are important to Italians. ___74____ Popular foods include pasta, risotto, minestrone and pizza.McDonald’s is also popular there. Many families still eat their main meal in the middle of the day. 75 Families spend a lot of time together. A.The family is very important to the Italian way of life. B.The country used to depend on agriculture. C.Mountains cover about three-fourths of the country. D.It could seat about 50,000 people, who went to see fights between animals and people. E. While there are some supermarkets, many people shop at small, neighborhood markets. F. Italy has several islands off the coast. G. The northern part of the country is the main manufacturing center. 答案:dbgea 7 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 (71)____You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Here’s how: Plan your time carefully. When planning your work, you should make a list of things that you have to do. After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time. First your time for eating , sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide a good, regular time for studying.(72)____ A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you realize what is happening to your time. Find a good place to study. Look around the house for a good study area. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials. No games, radios, or television. When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject. Make good use of your time in class. (73)____Listening carefully in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says. Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes, review the important points that your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material. (74)_____If you do these things regularly, the material will become more meaningful,and you’ll remember it longer. Develop a good attitude towards tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. They help you remember your new knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t pass a test, so don’t be over worried. (75)_____ You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. A. There are other methods that might help you with your studying. B. Don’t forget to set aside enough time for entertainment. C. Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teacher says. D. No one can become a top student unless he or she works hard. E. Maybe you are an average student. F. Make full use of class time to take notes of what the teacher asys in class. G. This will help you understand the next class. 答案:ebcga 8 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 China’s Olympic lesson Although the Athens Games are over, 71 . While busy preparing for the new semester in the first week back at school, many youngsters have started to wonder what Beijing can learn from Athens. “I was amazed by the fantastic opening ceremony from the moment it began,” said She Fei, a Senior 2 boy from Beijing Huiwen High School. He represented China in Athens and got the chance to see the opening ceremony with his own eyes. “Greece has done such a good job in showing its colorful culture using high-tech methods. 72 ” he said. “It seems that Beijing needs to combine the use of advanced technology with creative design to present its culture to the rest of the world. 73 ” he added. Echoing her view on the challenge of designing an unique opening ceremony, Zhang Yufei, Senior 3 from No. 2 High School attached to Beijing Normal University, thinks that director Zhang Yimo’s presentation of Chinese culture will be out of date by 2008. “Peking Opera costumes and the big red lantern did not seem to surprise the audience in the closing ceremony. 74 ” She said. Other students worry people’s bad habits, 75 , might be the weak point of Beijing 2008. “In Athens, all the residents were very careful with their behavior and manners. I think they have set a good example of Olympic hospitality. Beijingers can learn from them and do better.” She Fei said. A.such as spitting on the ground B.We definitely need something better in 2008. C.Chinese teenagers’ passion for the Olympic has not faded D.Beijing is the best place to host it. E.Beijing can learn a lot from the success of the opening ceremony in Athens. F.This will ensure Beijing does an equally good job on four years time. G.We are sure Beijing will surprise the whole world. 答案:cefba 9 第二节:根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A major source of teen stress is school exams, and test anxiety is not uncommon. When you recognize your teen is under stress, how can parents help your teen stay calm before an exam? Be involved. Parents need to be involved in their teen’s work. 71 _ What they look for is your presence — to talk, to cry, or simply to sit with them quietly. Communicate openly with your teen. Encourage your teen to express her worries and fears, but don’t let them focus on those fears. Help them get organized. 72 Together , you and your teen can work out a time—table in which she can study for what she knows will be on the test. Provide a calm setting. Help your teen set up a quiet place to study and protect his privacy. Give them a nutritious diet. It is important for your teen to eat a healthy, balanced diet during exam times to focus and do her best. 73 If this happens, encourage your teen to eat light meals or sandwiches. A healthy diet, rather than junk food, is best for reducing stress. 74 Persuade your teenager to get some sleep and /or do something active when she needs a real break from studying. Making time for relaxation, fun, and exercise are all important in reducing stress. Help your teen balance her time so that she will feel comfortable taking time out from studying to spend time with friends or rest. Show a positive attitude. 75 Your panic, anxiety and blame contribute to your teen’s pressure. Make your teen feel accepted and valued for her efforts. Most importantly, reassure your teen that things will be all right , no matter what the results are. A. A parent’s attitude will dictate their teen’s emotions. B. Exam stress can make some teens lose their appetite. C. They will only make the situation worse. D. Encourage your teen to relax. E. The best thing is simply to listen. F. Help your teen think about what she has to study and plan accordingly. G. Your teen may also make negative comments about themselve 答案:efbda 10 在第51~55题中,Desmond ,Darla , Russel ,Malcolm ,Warren正计划买一辆车。阅读下面六种车的介绍(选项A,B,C,D,E,F),选出符合各自需求的最佳选项。选项中有一项是多余选项。 51.Desmond is a young and promising athlete. Having won a champion in an important international game, he decides to buy a car to develop a brighter future .Of course, the car must be extremely fast and is especially fit for him, a sportsman. 52.Darla has just been admitted to a famous university hundreds of kilometers away from her hometown and has been permitted to buy a car .As a young girl, she certainly puts safety factors above all. 53.Russel, a farmer in a mountainous area, is growing hundreds of acres of crops .To transport his goods to town timely, he wants to buy a car .He hopes the car will run very fast and first of all must meet the natural conditions. 54.Fighting in the commercial circle and getting a great success. Malcolm made a fortune .With an aggressive ambition, he decides to buy a luxury car to develop an even brighter future. 55.Warren is a merchant traveling to different parts of the country in any weather situation, good or bad. He expects to have a satisfactory car make his career better. A.Provided by an advanced-design Triton engine ,with a perfect cooling system ,and plenty of pulling power .Passenger safety is excellently strengthened by Second Generation double airbags and side door intrusion beam .Luxury packages with deluxe accommodation(良好的人间) B.Was it wind? Or was it fear? Chances are the both .Equipped with the first four-cam, 32-valve V8 engine offered in a sport-utility(实用)vehicle. An advanced source of power generating 320 Ib-ft of twisting force and 230 house power. C.A spirited package that takes the zoom-zoom(疾行声)ethos into the mainstream. An aggressive, confident look ,one that’s backed by impressive dynamics .Engaging all the senses in the driving experience .Bottom line: if you’re in the market for a sedan ,stop by our store and ask to try on one of ours .Good luck will be with you ! D.Style, quality and high technology are the ingredients which have enabled Maserati to create some of the fastest and most advanced road cars in the world. It’s one thing to climb a mountain. E.302-hp best-in-class V8.3rd-row seating. And available climate-controlled front seats. The new Lincoln Aviator .Like Navigator, just smaller, proof that magnificence comes in all size. There are those who travel .And those who travel well. F.The cars with shapes we’d seen only in our dreams .The land-based rocket ships .With cockpits(驾驶座)full of computers and video screens .The cars you can talk to and that will respond .The cars that are invisible to the wind. 答案:badfe 呼,终于搞定。。。。这种题网上找不到啊,哥可是下载了十几套宁夏,海南的试卷,精选是篇文章,一篇一篇给你复制的,。。。。哥是08 的考生,英语就栽在七选五上了,本想给你贴上点做这题的方法,可是贴上就超字数了。那就你自己上网找吧,有的是。。 加油吧,祝你好运!oracle cards是什么意思呀
不是语句,也不像什么语法,你在什么地方看到的?
应该没什么意义吧》?
这个和数据库ORACLE没有关系 应该直译 是一种卡牌
关于克隆的英语作文,120词左右
1.christmas arouses increasing attention year by year in china. christmas cards become popular with students. people hold christmas parties and exchange christmas girts. a lot or tv and radio programs about christmas are on. meanwhile the spring festival is less appealing to youngsters. thus some people wonder whether christmas will replace the spring festival.this worry is fairly unnecessaryg why ⅱ one reason lies that christmas only affects christians, college students and joint-venture (workers. another reason is that christmas is mostly celebrated in cities. few people in countryside show extreme interest in this exotic festival. by contrast, the spring festival is the most influential traditional festival in every family.
i think, it is natural that with increasing exchanges with the west, a lot of western holidays have been gradually introduced into china. for us chinese we should never neglect or even discard our own traditional festivals. for centuries chinese have observed this traditional holiday to welcome the beginning of a new year. and we will treasure the spring festival forever.
TRAF6的SNP点200个左右,由于经费有限,准备对其高变区PCR后测序,求教怎么确定哪段是其高变区啊?跪求啊
建议你在开始实验前好好看一下这个网页,不要重复劳动。 SNP238个 这里列出了所有已知的SNP 你根据他们在染色体上的位置,自己找到SNP集中的区,就可以了。扑克的来历和它的意义是什么啊?
克(poker)有两种意思,一是指扑克牌,也叫纸牌(playing cards),另一个是指以用纸牌来玩的游戏,称为扑克游戏。 关于扑克的起源有多种说法,法国、比利时、意大利还有埃及、印度、朝鲜等国的部分学者认为发明地应归属己国,但终因无确凿的史料可究,至今尚无定论;莫衷一是,现在较被中外学者所普遍接受的观点就是现代扑克起源于我国唐代一种名叫“叶子戏”的游戏纸牌。相传早在秦末楚汉争斗时期,大将军韩信为了缓解士兵的思乡之愁,发明了一种纸牌游戏,因为牌面只有树叶大小,所以被称为“叶子戏”。(“叶子牌”,有两个手指大小。长8公分,阔2.5公分的“叶子牌”,用丝绸及纸裱成,图案是用木刻版印成的)。据说这就是扑克牌的雏形。 十二世纪时,马可·波罗把这种纸牌游戏带到了欧洲,立刻引起了西方人的极大兴趣。一开始,它只是贵族们的奢侈品,但是因为它造价低廉、玩法多样,又容易学,很快就在民间流行开来。 中国人将四种花色理解为春、夏、秋、冬四个季节; 法国人将四种花色理解为矛、方形、丁香叶和红心; 德国人把四种花色理解为树叶、铃铛、橡树果和红心; 具体的都在里面啦